‘Me, The Sea, Feeling Good’: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Exploring the Experience of Looking Out to Sea

Sarah L. Hurdman; Hanna Kampman

doi:10.29333/ajqr/15596

Sarah L. Hurdman ¹ ^* , Hanna Kampman ²

More Detail

AM J QUALITATIVE RES, Volume 8, Issue 4, pp. 189-213

https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/15596

OPEN ACCESS 242 Views 111 Downloads

Download Full Text (PDF)

Abstract

Against the backdrop of increasing urbanization and subsequent disconnection from nature, there has been growing interest in the role that spending time in natural environments can play in promoting well-being. However, most research to date has focused on the health potential of green spaces and neglected the relationship between blue spaces (bodies of inland and coastal water) and well-being outcomes. Studies have shown that spending more time by the sea, or living in close proximity to the coast, is linked with better mental and general health, but have typically neglected to consider how individuals may uniquely experience different types of urban nature. Hence, this study aimed to explore, in-depth, the lived experience of looking out to sea and how it may play a role in well-being. Four self-selected females, living and working in a coastal city, were interviewed using semi-structured techniques. Interviews were recorded and transcribed; and data was analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Results revealed each had a strong and enduring bond with the sea as ‘part of self’, and as transcending the self. Looking out to sea was a multisensory, embodied experience that captivated them in the present, and was perceived to play an important role in the restoration and enhancement of their hedonic and eudemonic well-being. As researchers and policy makers begin to understand potential links between loss of contact with nature and deteriorating public health, better understanding the relationship between the sea and well-being could have significant global value.

Keywords: Blue space, sea, well-being, embodiment, nature connection

References

Bates, C., & Moles, K. (2023). Immersive encounters: Video, swimming and wellbeing. Visual Studies, 38(1), 69–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/1472586X.2021.1884499
Baxter, D. E., & Pelletier, L. G. (2019). Is nature relatedness a basic human psychological need? A critical examination of the extant literature. Canadian Psychology, 60(1), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000145
Beery, T., Stahl Olafsson, A., Gentin, S., Maurer, M., Stålhammar, S., Albert, C., Bieling,C., Buijs, A., Fagerholm, N., Garcia-Martin, M., Plieninger, T., & M. Raymond, C. (2023). Disconnection from nature: Expanding our understanding of human–nature relations. People and Nature, 5(2), 470–488. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10451
Bell, S. L., Phoenix, C., Lovell, R., & Wheeler, B. W. (2015). Seeking everyday wellbeing: The coast as a therapeutic landscape. Social Science & Medicine, 142, 56–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOCSCIMED.2015.08.011
Brani, O., Heffron, K., Lomas, T., Ivtzan, I., & Painter, J. (2014). The art and science of somatic praxis. International Body Psychotherapy Journal, 13(1), 95–107.
British Psychological Society. (2018). Code of ethics and conduct. https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-code-ethics-and-conduct
Britton, E., & Foley, R. (2021). Sensing water: Uncovering health and well-being in the sea and surf. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 45(1), 60-87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723520928597
Britton, E., Kindermann, G., Domegan, C., & Carlin, C. (2020). Blue care: A systematic review of blue space interventions for health and wellbeing. Health Promotion International, 35(1), 50–69. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/day103
Brereton, F., Clinch, J. P., & Ferreira, S. (2008). Happiness, geography, and the environment. Ecological Economics, 65(2), 386–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.07.008
Caldwell-Harris, C. L., Wilson, A. L., LoTempio, E., & Beit-Hallahmi, B. (2011). Exploring the atheist personality: Well-being, awe, and magical thinking in atheists, Buddhists, and Christians. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 14(7), 659–672. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2010.509847
Capaldi, C. A., Dopko, R. L., & Zelenski, J. M. (2014). The relationship between nature connectedness and happiness: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, Article 976. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00976
Cleary, A., Fielding, K. S., Bell, S. L., Murray, Z., & Roiko, A. (2017). Exploring potential mechanisms involved in the relationship between eudaimonic wellbeing and nature connection. Landscape and Urban Planning, 158, 119–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LANDURBPLAN.2016.10.003
Conradson, D. (2005). Landscape, care, and the relational self: Therapeutic encounters in rural England. Health & Place, 11(4), 337–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.02.004
Coventry, P.A., Brown, J.E., Pervin, J., Brabyn, S., Pateman, R., Breedvelt, J., Gilbody, S., Stancliffe, R., McEachan, R. and White, P.L (2021). Nature-based outdoor activities for mental and physical health: Systematic review and meta-analysis. SSM-population health, 16, 100934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100934
Degnen, C. (2016). Socialising place attachment: Place, social memory and embodied affordances. Ageing and Society, 36(8), 1645–1667. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X15000653
Dekker, J., Peen, J., Koelen, J., Smit, F., & Schoevers, R. (2008). Psychiatric disorders and urbanization in Germany. BMC Public Health, 8, Article 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-17
Dempsey, S., Devine, M. T., Gillespie, T., Lyons, S., & Nolan, A. (2018). Coastal blue space and depression in older adults. Health & Place, 54, 110–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HEALTHPLACE.2018.09.002
Denton, H., & Aranda, K. (2020). The wellbeing benefits of sea swimming. Is it time to revisit the sea cure? Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 12(5), 647–663. https://doi:10.1080/2159676X.2019.1649714
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
Elliott, L. R., Pasanen, T., White, M. P., Wheeler, B. W., Grellier, J., Cirach, M., Bratman, G. N., van den Bosch, M., Roiko, A., Ojala, A., Nieuwenhuijen, M.& Fleming, L. E. (2023). Nature contact and general health: Testing multiple serial mediation pathways with data from adults in 18 countries. Environment International, 178, Article 108077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.108077
Eyles, J., & Williams, A. (Eds.). (2008). Sense of place, health, and quality of life. Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
Fisher, J. C., Mistry, J., Pierre, M. A., Yang, H., Harris, A., Hunte, N., Fernandes, D., Bicknell, J. E., & Davies, Z. G. (2021). Using participatory video to share people’s experiences of neotropical urban green and blue spaces with decision‐makers. The Geographical Journal, 187(4), 346–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12406
Foley, R. (2011). Performing health in place: The holy well as a therapeutic assemblage. Health & Place, 17, 470–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.11.014
Fudge, M., Ogier, E., & Alexander, K. A. (2023). Marine and coastal places: Wellbeing in a blue economy. Environmental Science & Policy, 144, 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2023.03.002
Garrett, J. K., Clitherow, T. J., White, M. P., Wheeler, B. W., & Fleming, L. E. (2019). Coastal proximity and mental health among urban adults in England: The moderating effect of household income. Health and Place, 59, Article 102200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102200
Garrett, J. K., White, M. P., Huang, J., Ng, S., Hui, Z., Leung, C., Tse, L. A., Fung, F., Elliott, L. R., Depledge, M. H., &Wong, M. C. S. (2019b). Urban blue space and health and wellbeing in Hong Kong: Results from a survey of older adults. Health and Place, 55, 100–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.11.003
Gascon, M., Zijlema, W., Vert, C., White, M. P., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2017). Outdoor blue spaces, human health, and well-being: A systematic review of quantitative studies. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 220(8), 1207–1221. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHEH.2017.08.004
Georgiou, M., Morison, G., Smith, N., Tieges, Z., & Chastin, S. (2021). Mechanisms of impact of blue spaces on human health: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(5), 2486. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052486
Gesler, W. (1996). Lourdes: Healing in a place of pilgrimage. Health & Place, 2, 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/1353 -8292(96)00004 -4
Gesler, W. M. (1992). Therapeutic landscapes: Medical issues in light of the new cultural geography. Social Science & Medicine, 34(7), 735–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/02779536(92)90360 -3
Gullone, E. (2000). The biophilia hypothesis and life in the 21st century: Increasing mental health or increasing pathology? Journal of Happiness Studies: Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 1(3), 293–321. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010043827986
Haywood, A., Dayson, C., Garside, R., Foster, A., Lovell, B., Husk, K., Holding, E., Thompson, J., Shearn, K., Hunt, H. and Dobson, J. (2024). National evaluation of the preventing and tackling mental ill health through green social prescribing project: Final report-March 2021 to June 2023. https://shura.shu.ac.uk/34168/1/GSP-eval-main-report-2024.pdf
Hefferon, K. (2015). The role of embodiment in optimal functioning. In S. Joseph (Ed.), Positive psychology in practice: Promoting human flourishing in work, health, education, and everyday life (2nd ed., pp. 789–806). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118996874.ch45
Huynh, T., & Torquati, J. C. (2019). Examining connection to nature and mindfulness at promoting psychological well-being. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 66, Article 101370. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVP.2019.101370
Impett, E. A., Daubenmier, J. J., & Hirschman, A. L. (2006). Minding the body: Yoga, embodiment, and well-being. Sexuality Research & Social policy, 3(4), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1525/srsp.2006.3.4.39
Jaeger, M. E., & Rosnow, R. L. (1988). Contextualism and its implications for psychological inquiry. British Journal of Psychology, 79(1), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.20448295.1988.tb02273.x
Jellard, S., & Bell, S. L. (2021). A fragmented sense of home: Reconfiguring therapeutic coastal encounters in Covid-19 times. Emotion, Space and Society, 40, Article 100818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2021.100818
Jennings, V., & Gaither, C. J. (2015). Approaching environmental health disparities and green spaces: An ecosystem services perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(2), 1952–1968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120201952
Joye, Y., & De Block, A. (2011). 'Nature and I are Two': A critical examination of the biophilia hypothesis. Environmental Values, 20(2), 189–215. https://doi.org/10.3197/096327111X129975743 91724
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. Hyperion.
Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). The experience of nature: A psychological perspective. Cambridge University Press.
Kellert, S. (2005). Building for life: Understanding and designing the human-nature connection. Island Press.
Kelly, C. (2018). ‘I need the sea and the sea needs me’: Symbiotic coastal policy narratives for human wellbeing and sustainability in the UK. Marine Policy, 97, 223–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MARPOL.2018.03.023
Khoury, B., Knäuper, B., Pagnini, F., Trent, N., Chiesa, A., & Carrière, K. (2017). Embodied mindfulness. Mindfulness, 8(5), 1160–1171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671 -01707007
Kyle, G. T., Mowen, A. J., & Tarrant, M. (2004). Linking place preferences with place meaning: An examination of the relationship between place motivation and place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(4), 439–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.11.001
Larkin, M., Watts, S., & Clifton, E. (2006). Giving voice and making sense in interpretative phenomenological analysis. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 102–120. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp062oa
Lee, J. H., & Lee, S. J. (2018). Nature experience influences nature aversion: Comparison of South Korea and Germany. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 46(1), 161–176. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.6794
Lisahunter, & Stoodley, L. (2021). Bluespace, senses, well-being, and surfing: Prototype cyborg theory-methods. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 45(1), 88–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723520928593
Lomas, T. (2015). Positive social psychology: A multilevel inquiry into sociocultural well-being initiatives. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 21(3), 338–347. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000051
Liu, H., Nong, H., Ren, H., & Liu, K. (2022). The effect of nature exposure, nature connectedness on mental well-being and ill-being in a general Chinese population. Landscape and Urban Planning, 222, Article 104397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104397
MacKerron, G., & Mourato, S. (2013). Happiness is greater in natural environments. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 992–1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.03.010
Martin, L., White, M. P., Hunt, A., Richardson, M., Pahl, S., & Burt, J. (2020). Nature contact, nature connectedness and associations with health, wellbeing and pro-environmental behaviours. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 68, Article 101389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101389
Mayer, F. S., & Frantz, C. M. P. (2004). The connectedness to nature scale: A measure of individuals’ feeling in community with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(4), 503–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.10.001
Mayer, F. S., Frantz, C. M. P., Bruehlman-Senecal, E., & Dolliver, K. (2009). Why is nature beneficial? The role of connectedness to nature. Environment and Behavior, 41(5), 607–643. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916508319745
Naor, L., & Mayseless, O. (2020). The therapeutic value of experiencing spirituality in nature. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 7(2), 114–133. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000204
Nutsford, D., Pearson, A. L., Kingham, S., & Reitsma, F. (2016). Residential exposure to visible blue space (but not green space) associated with lower psychological distress in a capital city. Health and Place, 39, 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.03.002
Office for National Statistics. (2021). Census 2021 data (England and Wales). https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2021
Pearce, J., Strickland-Munro, J., & Moore, S. A. (2017). What fosters awe-inspiring experiences in nature-based tourism destinations? Journal of sustainable tourism, 25(3), 362–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1213270
Pipere, A., Mārtinsone, K., Regzdiņa-Pelēķe, L., and Grišķeviča, I. (2020). Sailing across the Atlantic: An exploration of the psychological experience using arts-based research. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 572028. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.572028
Pool, U., Kenyon, A., Froggett, L., & Dooris, M. (2023). Beside the seaside: Reflections on local green and blue spaces from adults aged over 50 in a coastal community. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(14), Article 6355. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20146355
Pritchard, A., Richardson, M., Sheffield, D., & McEwan, K. (2020). The relationship between nature connectedness and eudaimonic well-being: A meta-analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11(1), 8–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902 -019 -00118 -6
Reed, P. G. (2018). Theory of self-transcendence. In M. J, Smith, & P. R. Liehr (Eds.), Middle range theory for nursing (4th ed., pp. 109–139). https://doi.org/10.1891/978082615 9922
Reid, L., Hunter, C., 2011. Personal wellbeing and interactions with nature. BeWEL state of understanding report 1. Swindon: Report to the ESRC.
Richardson, M., Cormack, A., McRobert, L., & Underhill, R. (2016). 30 days wild: Development and evaluation of a large-scale nature engagement campaign to improve well-being. PLoS One, 11(2), –Article e0149777. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149777
Richardson, M., Passmore, H. A., Lumber, R., Thomas, R., & Hunt, A. (2021). Moments, not minutes: The nature-wellbeing relationship. International Journal of Wellbeing, 11(1), 8–33. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v11i1.1267
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 319–338. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_03
Ryan, R. M., Weinstein, N., Bernstein, J., Brown, K. W., Mistretta, L., & Gagné, M. (2010). Vitalizing effects of being outdoors and in nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(2), 159–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.10.009
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022 -3514.57.6.1069
Ryff, C. D. (2021). Spirituality and well-being: Theory, science, and the nature connection. Religions, 12(11), Article 914. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12110914
Seligman, M. (2011). Flourish. Free Press
Severin, M. I., Raes, F., Notebaert, E., Lambrecht, L., Everaert, G., & Buysse, A. (2022). A qualitative study on emotions experienced at the coast and their influence on well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 902122. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.902122
Shanahan, D. F., Fuller, R. A., Bush, R., Lin, B. B., & Gaston, K. J. (2015). The health benefits of urban nature: How much do we need? BioScience, 65(5), 476–485. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biv032
Shiota, M. N., Keltner, D., & Mossman, A. (2007). The nature of awe: Elicitors, appraisals, and effects on self-concept. Cognition and Emotion, 21(5), 944–963. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999306 00923668
Smaldone, D., Harris, C., & Sanyal, N. (2008). The role of time in developing place meanings. Journal of Leisure Research, 40(4), 479–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2008.11950149
Smith, J. A. (1996). Beyond the divide between cognition and discourse: Using interpretative phenomenological analysis in health psychology. Psychology and Health, 11, 261– 271. https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044960840025 6
Smith, J. A. (2017). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Getting at lived experience. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(3), 303–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1262622
Smith, J. A., & Flowers, P. Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Theory, method, and research. SAGE Publications.
Smith, N., Georgiou, M., King, A. C., Tieges, Z., Webb, S., & Chastin, S. (2021). Urban blue spaces and human health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative studies. Cities, 119, Article 103413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103413
Soga, M., & Gaston, K. J. (2016). Extinction of experience: The loss of human-nature interactions. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 14(2), 94–101. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18516
Soga, M., & Gaston, K. J. (2023). Global synthesis reveals heterogeneous changes in connection of humans to nature. One Earth, 6(2), 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2023.01.007
Steger, M. F. (2009). Meaning in life. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (2nd ed., pp. 679–687). Oxford University Press.
Stieger, S., Aichinger, I., & Swami, V. (2022). The impact of nature exposure on body image and happiness: An experience sampling study. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 32(4), 870–884. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2020.1803805
Tebes, J. K. (2005). Community science, philosophy of science, and the practice of research. American Journal of Community Psychology, 35(3-4), 213–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464 -005 -3399x
Thomas, F. (2015). The role of natural environments within women’s everyday health and wellbeing in Copenhagen, Denmark. Health & Place, 35, 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HEALTHPLACE.20 14.11.005
Thompson, N., & Wilkie, S. (2021). ‘I’m just lost in the world’: The impact of blue exercise on participant well-being. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 13(4), 624-638. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2020.1761433
Trigwell, J. L., Francis, A. J., & Bagot, K. L. (2015). Nature connectedness and eudaimonic wellbeing: Spirituality as a potential mediator. Ecopsychology, 6(4), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2014.0025
Ulrich, R. S. (1983). Aesthetic and affective response to natural environment. In I. Altman & J. F. Wohlwill (Eds.), Behavior and the natural environment (pp. 85-125). Boston, MA: Springer US.
Ulrich, R. S., Simons, R. F., Losito, B. D., Fiorito, E., Miles, M. A., & Zelson, M. (1991). Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11(3), 201–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80184-7
Völker, S., & Kistemann, T. (2011). The impact of blue space on human health and well-being - Salutogenic health effects of inland surface waters: A review. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 214(6), 449–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHEH.2011.05.001
Wang, L., & Sani, N. M. (2024). The impact of outdoor blue spaces on the health of the elderly: A systematic review. Health & Place, 85, Article 103168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2023.103168
Weinstein, N., Przybylski, A. K., & Ryan, R. M. (2009). Can nature make us more caring? Effects of immersion in nature on intrinsic aspirations and generosity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(10), 1315–1329. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209341649
White, M. P., Elliott, L. R., Gascon, M., Roberts, B., & Fleming, L. E. (2020). Blue space, health and well-being: A narrative overview and synthesis of potential benefits. Environmental research, 191, 110169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110169
White, M. P., Elliott, L. R., Grellier, J., Economou, T., Bell, S., Bratman, G. N., Cirach, M., Gascon, M., Lima, M. L., Löhmus, M., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Ojala, A., Roiko, A., Schultz, P. W., van der Bosch, M., & Fleming, L. E. (2021). Associations between green/blue spaces and mental health across 18 countries. Scientific Reports, 11(1), Article 8903. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87675-0
White, M., Smith, A., Humphryes, K., Pahl, S., Snelling, D., & Depledge, M. (2010). Blue space: The importance of water for preference, affect, and restorativeness ratings of natural and built scenes. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 482–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.04.004
Wong, P. T. P. (1998). Implicit theories of meaningful life and the development of the personal meaning profile. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Wong, P. T. P. (2011). Positive psychology 2.0: Towards a balanced interactive model of the good life. Canadian Psychology, 52(2), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022511
Wright, K., Eden, S., Hancox, A., Windget, D., Elliott, L., Glossop, Z., Johnston, G., Johnston, R. I., Lobban, F., Lodge, C., Palmier-Claus, J., Parkin, S., White, P. C. L., & Bell, S. L. (2024). A qualitative exploration of the contribution of blue space to well‐being in the lives of people with severe mental illness. People and Nature, 6(2), 849–864. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10620
Yang, Y., Lu, Y., Yang, H., Yang, L., & Gou, Z., (2021). Impact of the quality and quantity of eye-level greenery on park usage. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 60, Article 127061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127061
Zou, W., Wei, W., Ding, S., & Xue, J. (2022). The relationship between place attachment and tourist loyalty: A meta-analysis. Tourism Management Perspectives, 43, Article 100983. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10620

Citation

Hurdman, S. L., & Kampman, H. (2024). ‘Me, The Sea, Feeling Good’: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Exploring the Experience of Looking Out to Sea. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 8(4), 189-213. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/15596

Hurdman, S. L., and Kampman, H. (2024). ‘Me, The Sea, Feeling Good’: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Exploring the Experience of Looking Out to Sea. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 8(4), pp. 189-213. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/15596

Hurdman SL, Kampman H. ‘Me, The Sea, Feeling Good’: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Exploring the Experience of Looking Out to Sea. AM J QUALITATIVE RES. 2024;8(4), 189-213. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/15596

Hurdman, Sarah L., and Hanna Kampman. "‘Me, The Sea, Feeling Good’: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Exploring the Experience of Looking Out to Sea". American Journal of Qualitative Research 2024 8 no. 4 (2024): 189-213. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/15596

Hurdman, Sarah L. et al. "‘Me, The Sea, Feeling Good’: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Exploring the Experience of Looking Out to Sea". American Journal of Qualitative Research, vol. 8, no. 4, 2024, pp. 189-213. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/15596

Hurdman SL, Kampman H. ‘Me, The Sea, Feeling Good’: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Exploring the Experience of Looking Out to Sea. AM J QUALITATIVE RES. 2024;8(4):189-213. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/15596