“Adapting to a New Reality”: Older Adults’ Experiences during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Mariana T Guzzardo; Jodie Oshana; Abigail Balkin; Irina Todorova

doi:10.29333/ajqr/14601

Mariana T Guzzardo ¹ ^* , Jodie Oshana ², Abigail Balkin ³, Irina Todorova ⁴

More Detail

AM J QUALITATIVE RES, Volume 8, Issue 2, pp. 188-208

https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/14601

OPEN ACCESS 811 Views 440 Downloads

Download Full Text (PDF)

Abstract

This qualitative study explores the perceived challenges for older adults during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and how they worked on overcoming this adversity. Our sample (n=50), derived from a larger study, includes individuals 60 or older in Puerto Rico and the United States. Data were collected through an online questionnaire between May and August 2020 and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Themes describe resilience through reflection and adaptation, critique of systemic problems and injustices, and reaffirmation of values and what is important. Considering the detrimental effect of the pandemic context on the older population, understanding their experiences and sources of strength can improve how they are supported in future crises.

Keywords: older adults, pandemic, COVID-19, reflexive thematic analysis, qualitative, Puerto Rico.

References

Angevaare, M. J., Monnier, A. A., Joling, K. J., Smalbrugge, M., Schellevis, F. G., Hertogh, C. M. P. M., & Huisman, M. (2020). The application of the concept of resilience in aging research and older adult care: A focus group study. Frontiers in Medicine, 7, Article 356. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00365
Atiles Osoria, J. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico: Exceptionality, corruption and state-corporate crimes. State Crime Journal, 10(1), 104–125. https://doi.org/10.13169/statecrime.10.1.0104
Atiles, J. (2022). Punitive governance and the criminalization of socioenvironmental, anti-austerity, and anticorruption mobilizations in Puerto Rico. Critical Criminology, 30, 961–981. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-022-09660-x
Ayala, E., & Mazzei, P. (2020, March 15). Puerto Rico orders Coronavirus lockdown. Violators could e fined. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/15/us/coronavirus-puerto-rico.html
Bathija, P., & Resnick, J. (2022, July 22). Digging into the reasons for Puerto Rico’s successful COVID-19 response. https://www.aha.org/news/blog/2022-07-22-digging-reasons-puerto-ricos-successful-covid-19-response
Bergquist, S., Otten, T., & Sarich, N. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Health Policy and Technology, 9(4), 623–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.08.007
Bonilla, Y. (2020). The coloniality of disaster: Race, empire, and the temporal logics of emergency in Puerto Rico, USA. Political Geography, 78, Article 102181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2020.102181
Bonilla, Y. (2022, October 10). Opinion: Why must Puerto Ricans always be resilient? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/10/opinion/fema-fiona-puerto-rico.html
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport Exercise and Health, 11(4), 589–597. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806
Braun, V., Clarke, V., Boulton, E., Davey. L., & McEvoy C. (2021). The online survey as a qualitative research tool. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 24(6), 641–654. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2020.1805550
Burnette, D., Buckley, T. D., Fabelo, H. E., & Yabar, M. P. (2020). Foregrounding context in the COVID-19 pandemic: Learning from older adults in Puerto Rico. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 63(6–7), 709–712. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2020.1793253
Byrne, D. (2022). A worked example of Braun and Clarke’s approach to reflexive thematic analysis. Quality and Quantity, 56, 1391–1412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-021-01182-y
Camacho, D., Marti, Y., Cho, S., Buckley, T., Vazquez, J., Burnette, D., & Fabelo, H. (2021). Coping with the subjective impact of COVID-19 among older adults in Puerto Rico, Innovation in Aging, 5, 1028–1029. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.3680
Carr, D., Sheffler, J., Meynadasy, M., Schmidt, N. B., Hajcak, G., & Sachs‐Ericsson, N. (2023). A longitudinal examination of the protective effect of resilience against anxiety among older adults with high COVID-related worry. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 52(5), 419–437. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2023.2191825
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Severe outcomes among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)—United States, February 12–March 16, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 69, 343–346. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6912e2
Cheatham, A. (2020, May 12). The coronavirus challenge for Puerto Rico. Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/coronavirus-challenge-puerto-rico
Cherry, K. E., Brown, J. S., Marks, L. D., Galea, S., Volaufova, J., Lefante, C., Su, L. J., Welsh, D. A., & Jazwinski, S. M. (2011). Longitudinal assessment of cognitive and psychosocial functioning after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita: Exploring disaster impact on middle-aged, older, and oldest-old adults. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 16(3–4), 187–211. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9861.2011.00073.x
Cicchetti, D. (2016). Resilience in development: Progress and transformation. In D. Cicchetti (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, resilience, and intervention (pp. 271–333). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy406
Cosco T. D., Kok A., Wister A., & Howse K. (2019) Conceptualising and operationalising resilience in older adults. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 7(1), 90–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2019.1593845
Cruz‐Correa, M., Díaz‐Toro, E. C., Falcón, J. L., García-Rivera, E. J., Guiot, H. M., Maldonado-Dávila, W. T., Martínez, K., Méndez-Latalladi, W., Pérez, C. M., Quiñones-Feliciano, M. L., Reyes, J. C., Rodríguez, P. L., Santana‐Bagur, J., Torrellas, L. C., Vazquez, D. Y., Vázquez, G. J., & Rodríguez-Quilichini, S. (2020). Public Health Academic Alliance for COVID-19 Response: The role of a national medical task force in Puerto Rico. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), Article 4839. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134839
Cudjoe, T. K. M., Roth, D. L., Szanton, S. L., Wolff, J. L., Boyd, C. M., & Thorpe, R. J. (2020). The epidemiology of social isolation: National Health and Aging Trends Study. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 75(1), 107–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby037
Daddoust L., Khankeh H., Ebadi A., Sahaf R., Nakhaei M., & Asgary A. (2018). The social vulnerability of older people to natural disasters: An integrative review. Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly, 4(1), 5–14. http://hdq.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-221-en.html
De Coninck, D., Frissen, T., Matthijs, K., D’Haenens, L., Lits, G., Champagne-Poirier, O., Carignan, M., David, M. D., Pignard-Cheynel, N., Salerno, S., & Généreux, M. (2021). Beliefs in conspiracy theories and Misinformation about COVID-19: Comparative perspectives on the role of anxiety, depression and exposure to and trust in information sources. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 646394. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.646394
DiNapoli, E. A., Wu, B., & Scogin, F. (2014). Social isolation and cognitive function in Appalachian older adults. Research on Aging, 36(2), 161–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027512470704
Donovan, N. J., & Blazer, D. Social isolation and loneliness in older adults: Review and commentary of a national academies report. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(12), 1233–1244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005
Duany, J. (2023, July 13). Puerto Rico has been part of the US for 125 years, but its future remains contested. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/puerto-rico-has-been-part-of-the-us-for-125-years-but-its-future-remains-contested-209171
Florido, A. (2020, May 13). “Mamá, I’m still hungry”: In Puerto Rico, child hunger becomes a flashpoint. https://www.npr.org/2020/05/13/854734386/mam-im-still-hungry-in-puerto-rico-child-hunger-becomes-a-flashpoint
García, C., Rivera, F. I., Garcia, M. A., Burgos, G., & Aranda, M. P. (2021). Contextualizing the COVID-19 era in Puerto Rico: Compounding disasters and parallel pandemics. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 76(7), e263–e267. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa186
Gonçalves, B. P. Hall, M., Jassat, W., Balan, V., Murthy, S., Kartsonaki, C., Semple, M. G., Rojek, A., Baruch, J., Reyes, L. F., Dasgupta, A., Dunning, J., Wanjiru Citarella, B., Pritchard, M., Martín-Quiros, A., Sili, U., Baillie, J. K., Aryal, D., … & Olliaro, P. L. (2022). An international observational study to assess the impact of the Omicron variant emergence on the clinical epidemiology of COVID-19 in hospitalised patients. eLife, 11, Article e80556. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.80556
González-Ramírez, A. (2020, April 23). Meet the protesters in Puerto Rico who want more testing. Medium. https://gen.medium.com/meet-the-protesters-who-want-more-testing-2403f634b1a1
González, M. L. S., Cruz-Gonzalez, M., Falgas-Bagué, I., Markle, S. L., & Alegrı́A, M. (2023). Resilience of racial and ethnic minority older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of a prior disability prevention intervention. American Psychologist. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0001177
Guzzardo, M. T., Engelman, A., Todorova, I., Lima, M. P., Dean-Olmsted, E., & Tamargo, R. E. G. (2023). “Everything has changed:” Functionally diverse older adults’ experiences with Hurricane María in Puerto Rico. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 97, Article 104009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.104009
Hayden, L., Warren-Norton, K., Chaze, F., & Roberts, R. (2023). Pandemic stories: The voices of older adults. Canadian Journal on Aging, 42(1), 154–164. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0714980822000113
Heid A. R., Cartwright F., Wilson-Genderson M., & Pruchno R. (2021). Challenges experienced by older People during the initial months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Gerontologist, 61(1), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa138
Huisman, M., Klokgieters, S. S., & Beekman A. T. F. (2017). Successful ageing, depression and resilience research: A call for a priori approaches to investigations of resilience. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 26(6), 574–578. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796017000348
Igarashi, H., Kurth, M. L., Lee, H. S., Choun, S., Lee, D., & Aldwin, C. M. (2021). Resilience in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: A socioecological approach. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 77(4), e64–e69. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbab058
Klein, N. (2018). The battle for paradise: Puerto Rico takes on the disaster capitalists. Haymarket Books.
Knight, B. G., Gatz, M., Heller, K., & Bengtson, V. L. (2000). Age and emotional response to the Northridge earthquake: A longitudinal analysis. Psychology and Aging, 15(4), 627–634. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.15.4.627
Kotwal, A. A., Holt-Lunstad, J., Newmark, R. L., Cenzer, I., Smith, A. K., Covinsky, K. E., Escueta, D. P., Lee, J. M., & Perissinotto, C. M. (2021). Social isolation and loneliness among San Francisco Bay area older adults during the COVID-19 shelter-in-place orders. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 69(1), 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16865
Krause, K. D. (2020). The Impact of resilience on health: Lessons learned and future directions. Behavioral Medicine, 46(3–4), 375–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2020.1790975
Krause, K. D., & Halkitis, P. N. (2020). Toward a more dynamic understanding of the influence of resilience on health. Behavioral Medicine, 46(3-4), 171–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2020.1790972
Lapierre, S., Chauvette, S., Bolduc, L., Adams-Lemieux, M., Boller, B., & Desjardins, S. (2023). Character strengths and resilience in older adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Canadian Journal on Aging, 42(3), 455–465. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0714980823000089
Lau, J., Koh, W., Ng, J. S., Khoo, A. M., & Tan, K. (2023). Understanding the mental health impact of COVID-19 in the elderly general population: A scoping review of global literature from the first year of the pandemic. Psychiatry Research, 329, Article 115516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115516
Lewis, T. (2021, August 23). How the U.S. pandemic response went wrong—and what went right—during a year of COVID. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-the-u-s-pandemic-response-went-wrong-and-what-went-right-during-a-year-of-covid
Loebach Wetherell, J., Petkus, A. J., McChesney, K., Stein, M. B., Judd, P. H., Rockwell, E., Sewell, D. D., & Patterson, T. L. (2009). Older adults are less accurate than younger adults at identifying symptoms of anxiety and depression. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197(8), 623–626. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181b0c081
Losada-Baltar, A., Jiménez-Gonzalo, L., Gallego-Alberto, L., Pedroso-Chaparro, M.D.S., Fernandes-Pires, J., & Márquez-González, M. (2020). “We're staying at home”. Association of self-perceptions of aging, personal and family resources and loneliness with psychological distress during the lock-down period of COVID-19. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences, 76(2), e10–e16. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa048
Magesh, S., John, D., Tse Li, W., Li, Y., Mattingly, A., Jain, S., Chang, E. Y., & Ongkeko, W. M. (2021). Disparities in COVID-19 outcomes by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open, 4(11), Article e2134147. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.34147
Masten, A. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2016). Resilience in development: Progress and transformation. In D. Cicchetti (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, resilience, and intervention (3rd ed., pp. 271–333). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy406
Morales, E. (2015, July 21). How hedge and vulture funds have exploited Puerto Rico’s debtcrisis. The Nation. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/how-hedge-and-vulture-funds-have-exploited-puerto-ricos-debt-crisis/
Moreland, A., Herlihy, C., Tynan, M. A., Sunshine, G., McCord, R. F., Hilton, C., Poovey, J., Werner, A. K., Jones, C. D., Fulmer, E. B., Gundlapalli, A. V., Strosnider, H., Potvien, A., García, M. C., Honeycutt, S., Baldwin, G., CDC Publish Health Law Program, & CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Mitigation Policy Analysis Unit. (2020, September 4). Timing of state and territorial COVID-19 stay-at-home orders and changes in population movement—United States, March 1–May 31, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6935a2.htm#:~:text=During%20March%201%E2%80%93May%2031%2C%2042%20states%20and%20territories%20issued,by%20California%20(March%2019).
Mueller, A. L., McNamara, M. S. and Sinclair, D. A. (May 29, 2020) Why does COVID-19 disproportionately affect older people? Aging, 12(10), 9959–9981. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.103344
Palgi, Y., Shrira, A., Ring, L., Bodner, E., Avidor, S., Bergman, Y., Cohen-Fridel, S., Keisari, S., & Hoffman, Y. (2020). The loneliness pandemic: Loneliness and other concomitants of depression, anxiety and their comorbidity during the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Affective Disorders, 275, 109–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.036
Pinchin, K. (2019, August 5). How Hurricane Maria fueled Puerto Rico’s resistance. Frontline. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/how-hurricane-maria-fueled-puerto-ricos-resistance/
Rafiey, H., Momtaz, Y. A., Alipour, F., Khankeh, H., Ahmadi, S., Sabzi Khoshnami, M., & Haron, S. A. (2016). Are older people more vulnerable to long-term impacts of disasters? Clinical Interventions in Aging, 11, 1791–1795. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S122122
Remillard, M. L., Mazor, K. M., Cutrona, S. L., Gurwitz, J. H., & Tjia, J. (2014). Systematic review of the use of online questionnaires of older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 62(4), 696–705. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12747
Robles, F. (2020, March 1). Months after Puerto Rico earthquakes, thousands are still living outside. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/01/us/puerto-rico-earthquakes-fema.html
Rodriguez, F., Solomon, N., de Lemos, J. A., Das, S. R., Morrow, D. A., Bradley, S. M., Elkind, M. S. V., Williams, J. H., Holmes, D., Matsouaka, R. A., Gupta, D., Gluckman, T. J., Abdalla, M., Albert, M. A., Yancy, C. W., & Wang, T. Y. (2021). Racial and ethnic differences in presentation and outcomes for patients hospitalized with COVID-19: Findings from the American Heart Association’s COVID-19. Cardiovascular Disease Registry, 43, 2332–2342. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.052278
Ruiz, J. (2022, June, 14). An unfulfilled promise: Colonialism, austerity, and the Puerto Rican debt crisis. Harvard Political Review. https://harvardpolitics.com/unfulfilled-promise-2/
Rutter, M. (2006) Implications of resilience concepts for scientific understanding. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1376.002
Sánchez-González, L., Major, C. G., Rodriguez, D. M., Balajee, A., Ryff, K. R., Lorenzi, O., Linares, M., Adams, L. E., Rivera-Amill, V., Rolfes, M., & Paz-Bailey, G. (2022). COVID-19 vaccination intention in a community cohort in Ponce, Puerto Rico. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 107(2), 268–277. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.22-0132
Seidel, L. J., Daniels, J. K., & Ostafin, B. D. (2023). The role of meaning in life in psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 36(1), 67–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2022.2113993
Sterina, E., Hermida, A. P., Gerberi, D. J., & Lapid, M. I. (2021). Emotional resilience of older adults during COVID-19: A systematic review of studies of stress and well-being. Clinical Gerontologist, 45(1), 4–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2021.1928355
Tai D. B. G., Shah A., Doubeni C. A., Sia I. G., & Wieland, M. L. (2021). The disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on racial and ethnic minorities in the United States. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 72(4), 703–706. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa815
Tisminetzky, M., Delude, C., Hebert, T., Carr, C., Goldberg, R. J., & Gurwitz, J. H. (2020). Age, multiple chronic conditions, and COVID-19: A literature review. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 77(4), 872–878. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa320
Traunmüller, C., Stefitz, R., Schneider, M., & Schwerdtfeger, A. (2021). Resilience moderates the relationship between the psychological impact of COVID-19 and anxiety. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 28(7), 1861–1872. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2021.1955137
U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.-a). QuickFacts: Puerto Rico. U.S. Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/PR
U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.-b). QuickFacts: United States. U.S. Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045221
Webb, L. M., & Chen, C. Y. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic's impact on older adults' mental health: Contributing factors, coping strategies, and opportunities for improvement. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 37(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5647
Whitehead B.R, & Torossian E. (2021). Older adults’ experience of the COVID-19 pandemic: A mixed-methods analysis of stresses and joys. Gerontologist, 61(1), 36–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa126
Wu, B. (2020). Social isolation and loneliness among older adults in the context of COVID-19: A global challenge. Global Health Research and Policy, 5(1), Article 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-020-00154-3
Wu, T., Jia, W., Shi, H, Niu, J., Yin, Z., Xie, J., & Wang, W. (2021). Prevalence of mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 281, 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.117
Young, D. G., Rasheed, H., Bleakley, A., & Langbaum, J. B. (2022). The politics of mask-wearing: Political preferences, reactance, and conflict aversion during COVID. Social Science & Medicine, 298, Article 114836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114836
Zortea, T. C., Brenna, C. T. A., Joyce, M., McClelland, H., Tippett, M., Tran, M. M., Arensman, E., Corcoran, P., Hatcher, S., Heisel, M. J., Links, P., O’Connor, R. C., Edgar, N. E., Cha, Y., Guaiana,G., Williamson, E., Sinyor, M., & Platt, S. (2020). The impact of infectious disease-related public health emergencies on suicide, suicidal behavior, and suicidal thoughts: A systematic review. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 42(6), 474–487. http://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000753

Citation

Guzzardo, M. T., Oshana, J., Balkin, A., & Todorova, I. (2024). “Adapting to a New Reality”: Older Adults’ Experiences during the COVID-19 Pandemic. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 8(2), 188-208. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/14601

Guzzardo, M. T., Oshana, J., Balkin, A., and Todorova, I. (2024). “Adapting to a New Reality”: Older Adults’ Experiences during the COVID-19 Pandemic. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 8(2), pp. 188-208. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/14601

Guzzardo MT, Oshana J, Balkin A, Todorova I. “Adapting to a New Reality”: Older Adults’ Experiences during the COVID-19 Pandemic. AM J QUALITATIVE RES. 2024;8(2), 188-208. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/14601

Guzzardo, Mariana T, Jodie Oshana, Abigail Balkin, and Irina Todorova. "“Adapting to a New Reality”: Older Adults’ Experiences during the COVID-19 Pandemic". American Journal of Qualitative Research 2024 8 no. 2 (2024): 188-208. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/14601

Guzzardo, Mariana T et al. "“Adapting to a New Reality”: Older Adults’ Experiences during the COVID-19 Pandemic". American Journal of Qualitative Research, vol. 8, no. 2, 2024, pp. 188-208. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/14601

Guzzardo MT, Oshana J, Balkin A, Todorova I. “Adapting to a New Reality”: Older Adults’ Experiences during the COVID-19 Pandemic. AM J QUALITATIVE RES. 2024;8(2):188-208. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/14601